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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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112789
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11278900.052
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1990-09-19
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NATION, Page 29"A Legal Bank Robbery"While an S & L was looted, the federal watchdog stood byBy Margaret Carlson
At first nobody noticed how much had disappeared because heists
in high places occur without ski masks or guns. But now the House
Banking Committee, the thousands of duped bondholders and the
public have caught on: to the empty vault at California's Lincoln
Savings and Loan, to the perfidy of its owner Charles Keating and
to the complicity of the Government. Says Banking Committee member
Jim Leach of Iowa: "Keating is at fault because he is a bank
robber, but we in Washington made it, in part, a legal bank
robbery."
Keating, the Phoenix businessman who is accused of using
Lincoln as a private casino, is emblematic of the nation's $300
billion-plus S & L disaster. But he has no dearth of accomplices.
There are the so-called Keating Five -- Senators Dennis DeConcini
and John McCain of Arizona, John Glenn of Ohio, Donald Riegle of
Michigan and Alan Cranston of California -- who received $1.3
million in contributions from Keating and went to bat for him
against federal regulators. The five sank deeper into trouble last
week when the Senate ethics committee appointed outside counsel to
investigate. The FBI also expanded its Keating probe to include
questions about the Senators' involvement.
Riegle, meanwhile, had to confess to several meetings with
Keating that he forgot to tell the Senate ethics committee about
until it came out in congressional testimony. One was a helicopter
tour of Keating's real estate empire in 1987. Cranston's political
future darkened during congressional hearings last week when some
of his California constituents blamed "Cranston's corruption" for
the loss of their savings.
Last week the spotlight also fell on M. Danny Wall, picked by
the White House in July 1987 to replace Edwin Gray as chairman of
the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Gray, a onetime captive of the
savings and loan industry, lost his job when he began to speak out
about the extent of the S & L fraud.
In 1988 Wall removed the Lincoln investigation from the bank
board's San Francisco office to Washington, postponing the closing
of the savings and loan by two years. That delay will add $1.3
billion to the taxpayers' cost of repaying depositors and unloading
Lincoln's washed-out investments. "My responsibility was to see
that this was not a lynch mob after Keating," Wall explained to
TIME last week. "The San Francisco office has a history of being
hysterical, overzealous, swept away by smoke where there is no
gun." Yet Wall's Washington audit eventually confirmed San
Francisco's warning to the Senators that Lincoln was a "ticking
time bomb." Wall's auditors discovered a whole ticking arsenal, in
fact, but not for two long years.
Unlike the Senators who seek campaign contributions from the
likes of Keating, Wall had nothing to gain but the continued esteem
of the thrift industry for his consistently low estimates of the
extent of the savings and loan debacle. He is a stolid former city
planner from Salt Lake City whose only extravagance seems to be his
natty suits and monogrammed shirts. As the top aide to Republican
Senator Jake Garn of Utah when Garn was chairman of the Senate
Banking Committee, Wall became a favorite of S & L owners. Says
Senator Leach of Wall's 1987 appointment: "The industry got to
choose outright its regulator."
As staff director of the Banking Committee in 1981, Wall
drafted the industry's dream deregulation bill, the Garn-St.
Germain Act. That law created a new breed of thrift operator. In
came highflyers like Keating who shifted their depositors' money
(now insured for $100,000 instead of $40,000) from unexciting
residential mortgages to potentially more lucrative but
indisputably riskier shopping malls, resort developments,
energy-generating windmills. The new breed awarded themselves
seven-digit salaries, private jets, hunting preserves and yachts
on which to entertain members of Congress. Keating and his
associates took $21 million from Lincoln even as it was heading
into receivership. Named head of the Office of Thrift Supervision
in August, Wall now directs the agency established to solve the
problems Garn-St. Germain helped create.
Wall will defend himself this week before the House Banking
Committee. But its chairman, Henry Gonzalez, has already called for
his resignation. Last week even George Bush left Wall to twist in
the wind: "If part of the savings and loan problem proves to be
management or regulation people that aren't aggressive enough,
would (I) make a change? . . . The answer is yes."
"Bush is a lawyer, so he knows I'm innocent until proven
guilty," Wall replies. He is wrong, of course: Bush is not a
lawyer, and Wall, although he seems to lack the venality of other
players in the Keating affair, is not innocent. Like a number of
other legislators and Government officials, Wall paid more
attention to cosseting the people he regulated than to safeguarding
the depositors and taxpayers who depended on his vigilance.
Although Wall says he now sees Keating's "half-truths and
obfuscations," more than a billion was lost while he dithered over
closing the vault.