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- NATION, Page 29"A Legal Bank Robbery"While an S & L was looted, the federal watchdog stood byBy Margaret Carlson
-
-
- At first nobody noticed how much had disappeared because heists
- in high places occur without ski masks or guns. But now the House
- Banking Committee, the thousands of duped bondholders and the
- public have caught on: to the empty vault at California's Lincoln
- Savings and Loan, to the perfidy of its owner Charles Keating and
- to the complicity of the Government. Says Banking Committee member
- Jim Leach of Iowa: "Keating is at fault because he is a bank
- robber, but we in Washington made it, in part, a legal bank
- robbery."
-
- Keating, the Phoenix businessman who is accused of using
- Lincoln as a private casino, is emblematic of the nation's $300
- billion-plus S & L disaster. But he has no dearth of accomplices.
- There are the so-called Keating Five -- Senators Dennis DeConcini
- and John McCain of Arizona, John Glenn of Ohio, Donald Riegle of
- Michigan and Alan Cranston of California -- who received $1.3
- million in contributions from Keating and went to bat for him
- against federal regulators. The five sank deeper into trouble last
- week when the Senate ethics committee appointed outside counsel to
- investigate. The FBI also expanded its Keating probe to include
- questions about the Senators' involvement.
-
- Riegle, meanwhile, had to confess to several meetings with
- Keating that he forgot to tell the Senate ethics committee about
- until it came out in congressional testimony. One was a helicopter
- tour of Keating's real estate empire in 1987. Cranston's political
- future darkened during congressional hearings last week when some
- of his California constituents blamed "Cranston's corruption" for
- the loss of their savings.
-
- Last week the spotlight also fell on M. Danny Wall, picked by
- the White House in July 1987 to replace Edwin Gray as chairman of
- the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Gray, a onetime captive of the
- savings and loan industry, lost his job when he began to speak out
- about the extent of the S & L fraud.
-
- In 1988 Wall removed the Lincoln investigation from the bank
- board's San Francisco office to Washington, postponing the closing
- of the savings and loan by two years. That delay will add $1.3
- billion to the taxpayers' cost of repaying depositors and unloading
- Lincoln's washed-out investments. "My responsibility was to see
- that this was not a lynch mob after Keating," Wall explained to
- TIME last week. "The San Francisco office has a history of being
- hysterical, overzealous, swept away by smoke where there is no
- gun." Yet Wall's Washington audit eventually confirmed San
- Francisco's warning to the Senators that Lincoln was a "ticking
- time bomb." Wall's auditors discovered a whole ticking arsenal, in
- fact, but not for two long years.
-
- Unlike the Senators who seek campaign contributions from the
- likes of Keating, Wall had nothing to gain but the continued esteem
- of the thrift industry for his consistently low estimates of the
- extent of the savings and loan debacle. He is a stolid former city
- planner from Salt Lake City whose only extravagance seems to be his
- natty suits and monogrammed shirts. As the top aide to Republican
- Senator Jake Garn of Utah when Garn was chairman of the Senate
- Banking Committee, Wall became a favorite of S & L owners. Says
- Senator Leach of Wall's 1987 appointment: "The industry got to
- choose outright its regulator."
-
- As staff director of the Banking Committee in 1981, Wall
- drafted the industry's dream deregulation bill, the Garn-St.
- Germain Act. That law created a new breed of thrift operator. In
- came highflyers like Keating who shifted their depositors' money
- (now insured for $100,000 instead of $40,000) from unexciting
- residential mortgages to potentially more lucrative but
- indisputably riskier shopping malls, resort developments,
- energy-generating windmills. The new breed awarded themselves
- seven-digit salaries, private jets, hunting preserves and yachts
- on which to entertain members of Congress. Keating and his
- associates took $21 million from Lincoln even as it was heading
- into receivership. Named head of the Office of Thrift Supervision
- in August, Wall now directs the agency established to solve the
- problems Garn-St. Germain helped create.
-
- Wall will defend himself this week before the House Banking
- Committee. But its chairman, Henry Gonzalez, has already called for
- his resignation. Last week even George Bush left Wall to twist in
- the wind: "If part of the savings and loan problem proves to be
- management or regulation people that aren't aggressive enough,
- would (I) make a change? . . . The answer is yes."
-
- "Bush is a lawyer, so he knows I'm innocent until proven
- guilty," Wall replies. He is wrong, of course: Bush is not a
- lawyer, and Wall, although he seems to lack the venality of other
- players in the Keating affair, is not innocent. Like a number of
- other legislators and Government officials, Wall paid more
- attention to cosseting the people he regulated than to safeguarding
- the depositors and taxpayers who depended on his vigilance.
- Although Wall says he now sees Keating's "half-truths and
- obfuscations," more than a billion was lost while he dithered over
- closing the vault.